Jh pkeq.Mk efUnj dk bfrgkl ,oa izcU/k
nqxkZ lIr’krh ds uok.kZ eU= esa pkeq.Mk ‘kCn fo’ks”k :i ls vk;k gS A Jh pkeq.Mk dh mRifÙk ds fo”k; esa iqLrd ds izkjEHk esa gh o.kZu dj fn;k x;k gS A ;g Hkxorh dkSf’kdh egkdkyh dk :nz pkeq.Mk Lo:i gS A vkjEHk esa ;gka o”kksZa rd cfy fo/kku jgk gS tks vc dbZ lkyksa ls izfrcfU/kr gS A bl efUnj esa yxHkx 15&20 fdyksehVj mij pUnz/kkj ioZr J`a[kyk eLrd ij jktk pUnzHkku dk fdyk Fkk ftlds [k.Mgj vc Hkh gSa A og Jh pkeq.Mk dk vkfn LFkku gS vkSj vc Hkh fgekuh pkeq.Mk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A tgkaxhj ds ‘kkludky esa gh pUnzHkku jktk
gqvk A lu~ 1620 bZ0 esa uxjdksV dkaxM+k dk vt; fdyk eqxyksa ds gLrxr gks x;k A lu~ 1622 bZ0 esa tgkaxhj Lo;a ogka vk;k vkSj ogka ds izkd`frd lkSan;Z dks ns[kdj eqX/k gqvk A ;|fi gfjpUn jktk us gkj Lohdkj dj yh vkSj fdyk eqxyksa ds gokys dj fn;k fdUrq fQj Hkh mlus egkjk.kk izrki dh rjg thou esa d”V lgrs gq, fujUrj Nkikekj ;q) tkjh j[kk vkSj vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr ns nh A gfjpUn jktk ds fu%larku gksus ij jktk pUnzHkku us eqxyksa ds f[kykQ viuk Nkikekj ;q) tkjh j[kk A bl jktk dh ohjrk dh rqyuk egkjk.kk izrki vkSj ohj f’kokth ls dh tkrh jgh gS A jkrksa jkr cgqr nwj rd /kkos ekjdj jktk pUnzHkku igkM+ esa fNi tkrk Fkk A
igkM+ dh vksV esa gh blus 1630 esa viuk fdyk ,d xqIr LFkku esa cuk;k Fkk A pUnzHkku ds fujUrj /kkoksa ds dkj.k fdys ds vUnj eqxy lsuk rax gks xbZ A ;g lekpkj eqxy ‘kkld rd igaqpk A pUnzHkku dh ohjrk ds dkjukes lqudj gh tgkaxhj ‘kkld us rkyqdk jktxhjh esa 52 xzkeksa dk jkT; fn;k mlds le; ls gh pUnzHkku ds fdys esa pkeq.Mk ds vkfn LFkku ij Hkxorh Jh pkeq.Mk dk iwtu fujUrj gksrk jgk A ogka ls ck.kxaxk rV ij viuh loZnk fLFkfr j[kus ds fy, fuokl djus dh vuqefr vius vuU; HkDr dks Jh pkeq.Mk us nh A
rc ls ysdj Jh pkeq.Mk Hkxorh dk fi.Mh iwtu izkphu dky esa gksrk jgk A xzke ds fdlh nsoh HkDr dks LoIu esa pkeq.Mk Hkxorh us vkns’k fn;k fd ftl fi.Mh ij esjk iwtu gksrk gS ml ij esjh ewfrZ dh LFkkiuk djks A ck.kxaxk ds ikj dxkj ds uhps esjh ewfrZ gS mlh dks bl ij LFkkfir djds esjk iwtu fd;k tk, A rc ls bl ewfrZ ij Hkxorh dk iwtu gksrk gS A pkeq.Mk] Tokykeq[kh vkSj cStukFk ds efUnj 1905 bZ0 ds HkwdEi esa ugha fxjs A ctzs’ojh nsoh ds ihNs rkjk nsoh dk efUnj Hkh HkwdEi esa ugha fxjk A vU; efUnj HkwdEi ls u”V gks x, rFkk budk iqufuZekZ.k gqvk A
28 ekpZ lu~ 1890 bZ0 ds jktLo foHkkx ds vfHkys[kksa ds vuqlkj ;g efUnj cgqr iqjkuk gS ftlesa ,d /keZ’kkyk cuh gS rFkk cgqr izfl) gS A cS’kk[k esa R;kSgkj ds le; gtkjksa yksx ;gka ,df=r gksrs gSa vkSj ekrk Hkxorh ds n’kZu djrs gSa A ekrk dh Hkwfe dh vkenuh 12]13 eu vukt gksrh gS tks ekrk dh iwtk vkSj Hkksx izlkn esa O;; gksrh gS ;g ekrk dh eqvkQh gS vkSj blds vfrfjDr ekrk dh vU; Hkwfe vHkh ugha gS A
vkjEHk esa bldh iwtk vpZuk dk izcU/k dk Hkkstdh iqtkjh }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk A lu~ 1931 esa Jh jlhyk jke Hkkstdh iqtkjh ds nsgkar ds i’pkr~ mldh fo/kok us efUnj dh iwtk vius gkFk esa ysuh pkgh A fdUrq og iwtk vkfn dh vf/kdkjh ugha Fkh] vr% ekrk pkeq.Mk ds vkjk/kdksa us eksgre ehe efUnj ¼eSustj½ fu;qDr djuk vkjEHk fd;k A ;g Hkh fu’p; gqvk fd tc rd ekrk ds HkDr dksbZ desVh ugha cuk ysrs rc rd eksgrehe ekrk eafnj dk izcU/k pyk, j[ksaxs A
lu~ 1931 bZ0 esa Hkxr jke lqi= Jh xq:fnÙkk eksgrehe eafnj fu;qDr gqvk tks iwtk vpZuk dk izcU/k djrk jgk A Jh Hkxr jke ds nsgkolku ds i’pkr~ lksyg lnL;ksa dh izcU/kdkfj.kh desVh 6 tuojh 1964 bZ0 ls eafnj dk izcU/k ,oa iwtk vpZuk dk nkf;Ro laHkkyrh jgh A desVh ds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj le; le; ij bl dk fuokZpu gksdj u;h izcU/k dkfj.kh izcU/k dk;Z djrh jgh A 4 ekpZ lu~ 1984 dks fgekpy izns’k ljdkj us bl desVh dks Hkax djds VªLV cukdj eafnj vf/kfu;e 1984 ds vuqlkj vf/kxzg.k fd;k A rc ls Jh pkeq.Mk uafnds’oj U;kl bldk izcU/k pyk jgk gS A
Jh pkeq.Mk Hkxorh dh mRifÙk & ikSjkf.kd er
Jh pkeq.Mk Hkxorh dh mRifÙk dk bfrgkl ;qx;qxkkUrjksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu jgk A dgha egky{eh }kjk egkdkyh dks pkeq.Mk uke ls lEcksf/kr djuk] dgha dkSf’kdh ls mRiUu egkdkyh&pkeq.Mk ftlus p.M eq.M dk o/k dk pkeq.Mk uke izkIr fd;k A egknso ds }kjk mRiUu ;ksfxfu;ksa esa Hkh pkeq.Mk ,oa Tokykeq[kh dks :nzRo izkIr gqvk gS A ,slk Hkh er gS fd :: nSR; dk o/k djus ls Hkh pkeq.Mk laKk izkIr gqbZ A Hkxorh pkeq.Mk dh mRifÙk ds lEcU/k esa foLrkj ls o.kZu miyC/k gskrk gS tks bl izdkj ls gS &
;key rU= ds vuqlkj fo”.kq ‘kadj laokn esa egky{eh us egkdkyh dks ns[kdj tks uke fn, muesa egkek;k] egkdkyh] egkekjh] dkyjkf= bR;kfn gS A egky{eh us czãk ds fy, iRuh :i ljLorh dks fn;kA :nz dh iRuh :i esa xkSjh rFkk oklqnso dh iRuh :i esa y{eh gqbZ A ljLorh ds lkFk tc czãk us /;ku fd;k] mUehfyr gksus ij v.M mRiUu gqvk A ml v.M ds Hkhrj izk.kh leLr l`f”V thotxr lqtu Hkjk gS A fo”.kq ml dk ikyu djrs gS] :nz ekgs’ojh] xkSjh vkSj egky{eh lfgr lagkj djrs gSa A reksxq.k :ik ;ksxfunzk ls egkdkyh mRiUu gqbZ A mlds lkFk gh vUnj tks xq.kLo:ik Hkxorh mRiUu gqbZ mldk uke ,ia Lo:Ik pkeq.Mk dk gS A
bl eafnj dk lEcU/k mlh Hkxorh mDr pkeq.Mk ls gS A blds i’pkr~ Hkheh nsoh] dky jkf=] dkenk] f’kok vkfn iSnk gqbZ A lkfRod :ik ljLorh dks Hkxorh dkSf’kdh Hkh dgrs gSa A oSd`r jgL; esa fy[kk gS &
^^xkSjh nsgkr~leqn~Hkwrk ;k lÙoSd xq.kkJ;k A
^^lk{kkRljLorh izksDrk ‘kqEHklqj fucfgZ.kh AA
vFkkZr & tks dsoy lRoxq.k iz/kku okyh vkSj xkSjh nsg ls mRiUu gqbZ ogh ‘kqaHkklqj
dks ekjus okyh ljLorh dgh xbZ gS A dkSf’kdh d`”.k o.kZ cu xbZ vkSj fgeky; esa mlus viuk LFkku xzg.k fd;k A Hkxorh dkSf’kdh ls gh pkeq.Mk Hkxorh dh mRifÙk ekuh tkrh gS A ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.kkuqlkj ;qx ;qxkkUrjksa esa nqoklqj laxzke gksrs jgs gSa A czãk fo”.kq egknso lc nsorkvksa }kjk iznRr rst ls ,d rst iqat izdV gqvk A mlls ls mRiUu pf.Mdk us nsoksa dks oj fn;k fd tc Hkh mu ij foifÙk vk,xh rks og mls nwj djsaxs A bldk nqxkZ lIr’krh esa o.kZu bl izdkj gS &
^bRFka ;nk ;nk ck/kk nkuoksRFkk Hkfo”;fr A
^^rnkrnkorh;kZ ·ga dfj”;kE;fjla{k;e~ AA
& nqxkZ lIr’krh v/;k; 11 ‘yks0 54&55
vFkkZr tc&tc nkuo ¼jk{kl½ nSR; ck/kk d”Vdkjh gksxh] rc&rc eSa vorkj /kkj.k dj ‘k=qvksa dk uk’k d:axh A
lkof.kZ eUoUrj ds vuqlkj ‘kqEHk fu’kEqHk nSR;ksa us ?kksj riL;k djds czãk th dks izlUu fd;k vkSj oj ik;k fd ge ml L=h ls ekjs tk,a tks dU;k ;ksfu ls tUe u ysdj iq:”k ds Li’kZ vkSj izse ls fufyZIr L=h dks”k ls mRiUu gksdj vts; ‘kfDr okyh gks A ,slh ml fnO; ‘kfDr L=h ds izfr dkeklDr gksus ij mlds }kjk ekjs tk,a A bl izdkj vius dks vo/; ekudj mUeqDr gksa os rhuksa ykssdksa dks Hk;Hkhr djus yxs A dFkkud bl izdkj gS %&
v & ;ksfutk rq ;k dU;k L=;ax dks’k&leqn~Hkok] vtkr iqa&Li’kZ&jfrj foya/;&ijkdzek A
r;k rq uS% o/k% la[;s rL;ka dkekfHkHkwr;ks% AA
& f’koiqjk.k ok;oh; lafgrk v/;k; 21
nsorkvksa ds d”V fuokj.k gsrq czãk th egknso ds ikl x, vkSj nsorkvksa ds nq%[kksa dks nwj djus gsrq izkFkZuk djus yxs rFkk egknso dks vius fn, oj ds izfr tkudkjh nh rc egknso us ikoZrh dks dkyh dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;k A
egknso dh ckr lqudj ikoZrh vfr {kqC/k gqbZ A blls mudk jax d`”.k o.kZ dk gks x;kA egknso us ikoZrh dks xkSre _f”k ds vkJe esa tkdj egknso ds crk, gq, mik; vuqlkj ?kksj riL;k dh A ,d fnu czãk xkSre _f”k ds vkJe esa x, vkSj ogka riL;k yhu ikoZrh ls ;s opu cksys & ‘kqEHk&fu’kqEHk egknSR; eq>ls oj ikdj nsorkvksa dks ihfM+r dj jgs gSa A vki ds peZ dks’k ls tks ‘kfDr mRiUu gksxh mlh ls bu egknSR;ksa dk o/k lEHko gksxk A bl ckr dks lqudj ikoZrh us mlh le; vius peZ dks’k dks R;kx dj xkSj o.kZ :i /kkj.k fd;k vkSj txr esa xkSjh uke ls izfl) gqbZ A muds }kjk NksM+s x, peZ dks’k ls Hkxorh dkSf’kdh dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk A nqxkZ lIr’krh esa bldk Lo:i bl izdkj ls of.kZr gS A
‘kjhj&dks’kk|ÙkL;k% ikoZR;k fu% l`rkfEcdk A dkSf’kdhfr leLrs”kq rrks yksds”kq xh;rs AA
&nqxkZ lIr’krh v0 5 ‘yksd 87
vFkkZr mu ikoZrh ds ‘kjhj ls vfEcdk ckgj vkbZ blhfy, lHkh yksdksa esa dkSf’kdh uke ls dgh tkrh gS A fgeky; ij cSBh pf.Mdk ¼dkS’kdh½ ds rst ;qDr lkSan;Z ds izfr lwpuk xqIrpjksa us ‘kqEHk&fu’kqEHk rd igqapkbZ vkSj dgk fd ,slh :iefr nsoh lalkj esa dgha ugha feysxh A ;g vkidh gh jkuh cuus ds ;ksX; gS A rc ‘kqEHk&fu’kqEHk nSR;ksa us
pf.Mdk dks ykus ds fy, vius fo’oLr nwrksa dks Hkstk ij pf.Mdk us ;g dgdj bUdkj fd;k fd %&
;ks eka t;fr laxzkes ;ks es niZa O;iksgfr A ;ks es izfrcyks yksds l es HkrkZ Hkfo”;fr AA
&nqxkZ lIr’krh v0 5 ‘yksd 120
bl mÙkj ij dzksf/kr gks ‘kqEHk&fu’kqEHk us vius ljnkj /kwezykspu dks lSU;cy ds lkFk tkdj pf.Mdk dks idM+ ykus dk vkns’k fn;k A /kwezykspu lSU; cy lfgr pf.Mdk ij izgkj djus gsrq lEeq[k
mifLFkr gqvkA rc pf.Mdk us dzksf/kr gksdj /kwezykspu dks gqadkj ek= ls gh lsuk lfgr HkLe dj fn;k A ‘kqEHk&fu’kqEHk dks tc /kwezykspu ds ekjs tkus dh lwpuk feyh rks mu nSR;ksa us p.M&eq.M uked nSR; ljnkjksa dks ;g vkns’k fn;k fd %&
gs p.M ! gs eq.M ! cyScZgqfHkZ% ifjokfjrkS A r= xPNr xRok p lk lekuh;rka y?kq AA
ds’ks”okd`”; cn~/ok ok ;fn o% la’k;ks ;qf/k A rnk‘ks”kk;q/kS% losZjlqjSfoZfugU;rke~ AA
&nqxkZ lIr’krh v0 6 ‘yksd 22] 23
vFkkZr % gs p.M] gs eq.M ! cgqr lh lsukvksa ds lkFk ogka tkvks vkSj tkdj ds’k [khapdj ;k ckU/k dj ‘kh?kz gh ml sys vkvks A ;fn rqEgsa ;q) esa lUnsg gks rks lHkh vlqjksa }kjk ukuk izdkj ds vL=&’kL=ksa ls mls ekj Mkyks A rc mu p.M&eq.M uked nSR;ksa us fgeky; ds f’k[kj ij fojkteku Hkxorh dkSf’kdh dks dzks/kkos’k esa vkdj idM+us dk iz;kl fd;k A ml le; dzksf/kr vfEcdk dh Hk`dqVh }kjk ladqfpr yykV ns’k ls ‘kh?kz gh Hkh”k.k eq[k okyh [kM~x vkSj ik’k pkfj.kh dkyh ckgj fudy vkbZ A mu dkyh Hkxorh dk p.M&eq.M nSR;ksa ds lkFk ?kksj ;q) gqvk ftlesa nSR; ljnkj dkyh ds gkFkksa ekjs x;s rc dkyh p.M&eq.M ds fljksa dks ysdj Hkxorh dkSf’kdh ds ikl xbZa A
rkok uhrkS rrks n`”V~ok p.M&eq.MkS egklqjkS A mokp dkyha dY;k.kh yfyra pf.Mdk op% AA
;LekPp.Ma p eq.Ma p x`ghRok Roeqikxrk A Pkeq.Msfr rrks yksds [;krk nsfo Hkfo”;fl AA
&nqxkZ lIr’krh v0 7 ‘yksd 26] 27
vFkZ %& rc p.M&eq.M uked mu nks egklqjksa dks dkyh }kjk yk;s gq;s ns[kdj eaxye;h pf.Mdk ls ;g e/kqj ckr dgh &
^^gs nsfo ! D;ksafd rqe p.M o eq.M dks ysdj vkbZ gks] blhfy, lalkj esa ^^pkeq.Mk** uke ls izfl) gksvksxhA**
Bl izdkj Hkxorh dkS’kdh ds ojnku ls Hkxorh dkyh pkeq.Mk uke ls lalkj esa izfl) gqbZ A